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System Administrator interview questions and answers

System Administrator interview questions and answers

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1) Differentiate between NTFS & FAT.


NTFS is the current file system used by Windows. It offers features like security permissions (to limit other users’ access to folders), quotas (so one user can’t fill up the disk), shadowing (backing up) and many other features that help Windows.

FAT32 is the older Microsoft filesystem, primarily used by the Windows 9X line and Window could be installed on a FAT32 parition up to XP. In comparision, FAT32 offers none of what was mentioned above, and also has a maximum FILE (not folder) size of 4GB, which is kind of small these days, especially in regards to HD video.


2) What Is VOIP.

VOIP – Short for Voice Over Internet Protocol, a category of hardware and software that enables people to use the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls by sending voice data in packets using IP rather than by traditional circuit transmissions.

3) What is loop back. 

Loopback address is 127.0.0.1,
An address that sends outgoing signals back to the same computer for testing.



4) What is Proxy Server.

A proxy server is a computer that acts as a gateway between a local network (e.g., all the computers at one company or in one building) and a larger-scale network such as the Internet. Proxy servers provide increased performance and security. In some cases, they monitor employees’ use of outside resources.

5) Differentiate between FIREWALL/ANTIVIRUS. 

Antivirus:
The prime job of an anivirus is protect your system from computer viruses. Your computer may be standalone or part of network or connected to Internet you need an antivirus program. It actively monitors when you are using your system for any virus threat from different sources. if it found one it tries to clean or quarantine the virus ultimately keeping your system and data safe.

Firewall:
Firewall is in other hand a program which protects your system from outsider/intruder/hacker attacks. These attacks may not be virus type. In some cases hackers can take control of your system remotely and steal your data or important information from system. If your system is directly connected to internet or a large network than you can install a software firewall in your PC to protect your self from unauthorized access. Firewall is available either in software or in hardware form. For a single PC you may need a software firewall while a large corporate implements hardware firewall to protect all of their systems from such attacks.

6) Differentiate between Frond end & Back End Server. 

Backend server: 

A back end server is a computer resource that has not been exposed to the internet. In this regard the computing resource does not directly interact with the internet user. It can also be described as a server whose main function is to store and retrieve email messages.

Frontend server:

A frontend server is a computer resources that has exposed to the internet.

7) What is APIPA.

Stands for Automatic Private IP Addressing
APIPA is a DHCP fail over mechanism for local networks. With APIPA, DHCP clients can obtain IP addresses when DHCP servers are non-functional.

APIPA exists in all modern versions of Windows except Windows NT.

When a DHCP server fails, APIPA allocates IP addresses in the private range 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254.

8) How Release and renew IP address from Command prompt. 

Ipconfig / release
ipconfig / renew

9) What is wins server.

Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) servers dynamically map IP addresses to computer names (NetBIOS names). This allows users to access resources by computer name instead of by IP address. If you want this computer to keep track of the names and IP addresses of other computers in your network, configure this computer as a WINS server.
If you do not use WINS in such a network, you cannot connect to a remote network resource by using its NetBIOS name.

10)What is the Windows Registry.

The Windows Registry, usually referred to as “the registry,” is a collection of databases of configuration settings in Microsoft Windows operating systems.

11) System Volume Information (SVI) Folder.

Windows XP includes a folder named System Volume Information on the root of each drive that remains hidden from view even when you choose to show system files. It remains hidden because it is not a normally hidden folder you can say it is a Super Hidden Folder. Windows does not shows Super Hidden Folders even when you select “Show Hidden Files.”

12 ) What is MBR.

Short form Master Boot Record, a small program that is executed when a computer boots up. Typically, the MBR resides on the first sector of the hard disk. The program begins the boot process by looking up the partition table to determine which partition to use for booting

13) What is Bit Locker.

BitLocker is an encryption feature available in Ultimate and Enterprise versions of Windows 7 and Vista,
To encrypt an entire drive, simply right-click on the drive and select Turn on BitLocker from the context menu.

14) Difference  b/w sata and IDE.

IDE and SATA are different types of interfaces to connect storage devices (like hard drives) to a computer’s system bus. SATA stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (or Serial ATA) and IDE is also called Parallel ATA or PATA. SATA is the newer standard and SATA drives are faster than PATA (IDE) drives. For many years ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application. But by the beginning of 2007, SATA had largely replaced IDE in all new systems.

15)Main Difference Between Windows server 2008 and 2012

1) New Server Manager: Create, Manage Server Groups

2) Hyper-V Replication :  The Hyper-V Replica feature allows you to replicate a virtual machine from one location to another with Hyper-V and a network connection—and without any shared storage required. This is a big deal in the Microsoft world for disaster recovery, high availability and more. VMware does this, too, but the vendor charges new licensees extra for the capability.

3) Expanded PowerShell Capabilities

4)IIS 8.0  and IIS 7 in 2008
5)Hyper-V 3.0
6)PowerShell 3.0

16)How Long My Computer Has Been Running? Get to Know My Computer’s Uptime.

Start   Task manager,    and select    Performance tab .

In performance tab we can see system up time

Method 2: By typing systeminfo in command prompt we can find out up time of your server

In system boot time.

17)Event viewer in Windows server

Control panel – Administrative tools – Computer Management – event Viewer

Three types events
Error.
Warning.
Information.

18) Manage Multiple, Remote Servers with Server Manager.

Server Manager is a management console in Windows Server® 2012 R2 Preview and Windows Server® 2012 that helps IT professionals provision and manage both local and remote Windows-based servers from their desktops, without requiring either physical access to servers, or the need to enable Remote Desktop protocol (RDP) connections to each server. Although Server Manager is available in Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows Server 2008, Server Manager was updated in Windows Server 2012, to support remote, multi-server management, and help increase the number of servers an administrator can manage.

19) What happens when we type URL in browser.

First the computer looks up the destination host. If it exists in local DNS cache, it uses that information. Otherwise, DNS querying is performed until the IP address is found.

Then, your browser opens a TCP connection to the destination host and sends the request according to HTTP 1.1 (or might use HTTP 1.0, but normal browsers don’t do it any more).

The server looks up the required resource (if it exists) and responds using HTTP protocol, sends the data to the client (=your browser)
The browser then uses HTML parser to re-create document structure which is later presented to you on screen. If it finds references to external resources, such as pictures, css files, javascript files, these are is delivered the same way as the HTML document itself.

DHCP:

1) How DHCP work?

DHCP Stands for Dynamic host configuration protocol.
DHCP is a protocol used for automatic configuration IP address in client computers connected to IP networks. DHCP operates on a client server model in four phases.

Discover: A client broadcasts DHCP Discover message when it comes alive on the network.

Offer: When a DHCP server receives the DHCP Discover message from the client, it reserves an I P address for the client and sends a DHCP Offer message to the client offering the reserved IP address.

Request: The client receives the DHCP offer message and broadcasts a DHCP request message to show its consent to accept the offered IP address.

Acknowledge: When the DHCP server receives the DHCP Request message from the client, it sends a DHCP Ack packet to the client. At this point the IP configuration process is complete.

2) What is DHCP Scope.

A range of IP address that the DHCP server can assign to clients that are on one subnet.

3) What protocol and port does DHCP use.

UDP protocol and 67 port in client and 68 port in server.

4) What is a DHCP lease.

A DHCP lease is the amount of time that the DHCP server grants to the DHCP
client permission to use a particular IP address. A typical server allows its
administrator to set the lease time.

5) Can DHCP support statically defined addresses.

Yes.

6) Define Dora Process & why it is used.
Discover, Offer, request and acknowledgement. it is used to assign ip address automatically to client systems.

7) What is Authorizing DHCP Servers in Active Directory.

If a DHCP server is to operate within an Active Directory domain (and is not running on a domain controller) it must first be authorized to Active directory.

8)How to Backup and Restore DHCP in Windows Server 2008

In Windows Server 2008, backup of DHCP database and settings has gotten simpler. You may want to backup your DHCP server from time to time to prepare for disaster recovery scenarios or when migrating DHCP server role to a new hardware.

Backup DHCP Server
1. Open Server Manager > DHCP role
2. Right click server name, choose Backup..
3. Choose a location for backup, click OK

Restore DHCP Server
1. Open Server Manager > DHCP role
2. Right Click server name, choose Restore
3. Choose the location of the backup, click OK
4. Restart the DHCP Service

DHCP Databse location: C:\WINDOWS\System32\DHCP directory.

DNS

1) Define DNS . 

Domain Name System, DNS is an Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they’re easier to remember.

Two types of lookup in DNS.

Forward lookup : it converts Domain name to ip address.
Reverse lookup: it converts ip address to Domain name.

Three types of zone.

Primary zone
secandary zone and stub zone.

what is the port no of DNS.

UDP and  port number – 53

What is NSlookup.

Nslookup.exe is a command-line administrative tool for testing and troubleshooting DNS servers. This tool is installed along with the TCP/IP protocol through Control Panel.

MS-DOS utility that enables a user to look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network.

 
Active directory and Domain

1) What is LDAP? Why it is used.

LDAP is the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. Its an active directory protocal ,Basically, it’s a protocol used to access data from a database

2) What is Active Directory? Why it used.

Active Directory is a Directory Service created by Microsoft. It is included with most Windows Server operating systems.

Active Directory is primarily used to store directory objects like users and groups and computers printers.
Using Active Directory brings a number of advantages to your network,
Centralized user account management
Centralized policy management (group policy)
Better security management

3) What Is Group Policy. 

Group Policy is a feature of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems that control the working environment of user accounts and computer accounts. Group Policy provides the centralized management and configuration of operating systems, applications, and users’ settings in an Active Directory environment.

  4) What is the order in which GPOs are applied .
   Local Group Policy object
   site ,
   Domain and
   organizational units.
 5) What is the difference between software publishing and          assigning.
Assign Users : The software application is advertised when the user logs on. It is installed when the user clicks on the software application icon via the start menu, or accesses a file that has been associated with the   software application.
Assign Computers :The software application is advertised and installed   when it is safe to do so, s uch as when the computer is next restarted.
Publish to users : The software application does not appear on the start menu or desktop. This means the user may not know that the software is available. The software application is made available via the Add/Remove Programs option in control panel, or by clicking on a file that has been associated with the application. Published applications do not reinstall themselves in the event of accidental deletion, and it is not possible to publish to computers.
6) Can I deploy non-MSI software with GPO.
create the fiile in .zap extension.
7) Name some GPO settings in the computer and user parts.
Computer Configuration, User ConfigurationName
8) Name a few benefits of using GPMC.
Easy administration of all GPOs across the entire Active Directory Forest
View of all GPOs in one single list
Backup and restore of GPOs Migration of GPOs across different domains and forest.
9) How frequently is the client policy refreshed ?
90 minutes give or take.
 
10) Where are group policies stored ?
C:\Windows\System32\GroupPolicy.
11) Group policy backup
To backup a single GPO, right-click the GPO, and then click Back Up.
To backup all GPOs in the domain, right-click Group Policy Objects           and click Back Up All.
12) Define DSRM Mode? 
Directory Services Restore Mode (DSRM) is a special boot mode for repairing or recovering Active Directory. It is used to log on to the computer when Active Directory has failed or needs to be restored.
To manually boot in Directory Services Restore Mode, press the F8 key repeatedly. Do this immediately after BIOS POST screen, before the Windows logo appears. (Timing can be tricky; if the Windows logo appears you waited too long.) A text menu menu will appear. Use the up/down arrow keys to select Directory Services Restore Mode or DS Restore Mode. Then press the Enter key.
13) Where is the AD database held? What other folders are related            to AD? 
  The AD data base is stored in c:\windows\ntds\NTDS.DIT.
  14 ) Have you ever Installed AD? 
     To Install Microsoft Active Directory:
Ensure that you log on to the computer with an administrator account to perform installation.
Click electing Start > Administration Tools > Server manager >Configure your Server.
 
In the Welcome page, click Next.
In the Operating system compatibility panel, click Next.
On the Domain Controller Type panel, select Domain controller for a new domain and click Next.
On the Create New Domain panel, select Domain in a new forestand click Next.
On the New Domain Name panel, enter the DNS suffix for your new Active Directory. This name will be used during Tivoli Provisioning Manager installation, so make a note of it. Click Next.
On the NetBIOS Domain Name panel, enter the NetBIOS name of the domain. The first part of the DNS name is usually sufficient. Click Next.
On the Database and Logs panel, select the desired folders for the Database and Logs. C:\Windows\NTDS is the default. Click Next.
On the Shared System Volume panel, enter a valid directory for the system volume. C:\Windows\Sysvol is the default. Click Next to continue.
If you configured DNS successfully, the Permissions setting panel is displayed. Select Permissions compatible only with Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003. Click Next.
On the Directory Services Restore Mode Administrator Password panel, enter a valid password to be used when running the Directory Services in Restore Mode. Click Next
Verify the settings and Click Next to begin the Active Directory configuration. The server will be rebooted as part of the process.
15) What is the use of SYSVOL folder
All active directory data base security related information store in SYSVOL folder and it’s only created on NTFS partition.
 16) What is global catalog 
The Global Catalog is a database that contains all of the information pertaining to objects within all domains in the Active Directory environment
17) What is the difference between local, global and universal groups 
 
Domain local groups assign access permissions to global domain groups for local domain resources. Global groups provide access to resources in other trusted domains. Universal groups grant access to resoures in all trusted domains.
 18) What is group nesting.
Adding one group as a member of another group is called ‘group nesting’. This will help for easy administration and reduced replication traffic
19) What is Domain control? 
A domain controller (DC) is a server that handles all the security requests from other computers and servers within the Windows Server domain
there was a primary domain controller and a backup domain controller. The primary DC focused on domain services only to avoid the possibility of a system slow down or crash due to overtasking from managing other functionality and security requests. In the event of a primary DC going down, a backup DC could be promoted and become the primary DC to keep the rest of the server systems functioning correctly
 20) What is domain? 
A domain is a set of network resources (applications, printers, and so forth) for a group of users. The user needs only to log in to the domain to gain access to the resources, which may be located on a number of different servers in the network. The ‘domain’ is simply your computer address not to confuse with an URL. A domain address might look something like 211.170.469.
 
 21) What is Forest?
A collection of one or more Active Directory domains that share a common schema, configuration, and global catalog.
22) What is global catalog.
The Active Directory Global Catalog is the central storage of information about objects in an Active Directory forest. A Global Catalog is created automatically on the first domain controller in the first domain in the forest. The Domain Controller which is hosting the Global Catalog is known as a Global catalog server.
23) What is tree.
An Active Directory tree is a collection of Active Directory domains that begins at a single root and branches out into peripheral, child domains. Domains in an Active Directory tree share the same namespace. An Active Directory forest is a collection of Active Directory trees, similar to a real world forest. Catalog Server.
24) What is site.
A Site object in Active Directory represents a geographic location that hosts networks.
25)  Flexable Single Master Operation Roles (FSMO)
The 5 FSMO server roles:
Schema Master Forest Level One per forest
Domain Naming Master Forest Level One per forest
PDC Emulator Domain Level One per domain
RID Master Domain Level One per domain
Infrastructure Master Domain Level One per domain
26) Command to Add client to Domain
NETDOM /Domain:MYDOMAIN /user:adminuser /password:apassword MEMBER MYCOMPUTER /JOINDOMAIN
27) Setting File Permissions on a Folder Using Group Policy
The setting is located under Computer Configuration, Windows Settings, Security Settings, File System. Here’s the procedure:
Go to the location in the Group Policy listed above.
Right-click File System.
Click Add File.
In the “Add a file or folder” window, select the folder (or file) for which you want the permissions to be set, and click OK.
In the security box that pops up, you can add a user or a group that needs permission to the folder.

Vertualization

1)Define virtualization.
Hyper-V virtualization will provide an environment in which we can run multiple operating systems at the same time on one physical computer, by running each operating system in its own virtual machine.
2) What are the benefits of virtualization ?
Reduce the number of physical servers
Reduce the infrastructure needed for your data center
3) What is a Hypervisor.
You can think of a Hypervisor as the kernel or the core of a virtualization platform. The Hypervisor is also called the Virtual Machine Monitor. The Hypervisor has access to the physical host hardware.
4) What are a host, guest, and virtual machine.
A host system (host operating system) would be the primary & first installed operating system.  If you are using a bare metal Virtualization platform like Hyper-V or ESX, there really isn’t a host operating system besides the Hypervisor. If you are using a Type-2 Hypervisor like VMware Server or Virtual Server, the host operating system is whatever operating system those applications are installed into.
A guest system (guest operating system) is a virtual guest or virtual machine (VM) that is installed under the host operating system. The guests are the VMs that you run in your virtualization platform.
Some admins also call the host & guest the parent and child.
Hyper v Snap shot:
How to create Hyper v Snap shot: 
Just select the Virtual machine in Hyper-V Manager and select Snapshot from the Actions pane. The status of the virtual machine will change to “Taking Snapshot” and show the progress of the action using a percentage value.
File extension = .avhd
Virtual Machine files
The first thing to know is what files are used to create a virtual machine:
.XML files
These files contain the virtual machine configuration details.  There is one of these for each virtual machine and each snapshot of a virtual machine.  They are always named with the GUID used to internally identify the virtual machine or snapshot in question.
.BIN files
This file contains the memory of a virtual machine or snapshot that is in a saved state.
.VSV files
This file contains the saved state from the devices associated with the virtual machine.
.VHD files
These are the virtual hard disk files for the virtual machine
.AVHD files
These are the differencing disk files used for virtual machine snapshots

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Cách ôn thi MCSA

Cách ôn thi MCSA

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Hiện nay, nhu cầu việc làm cho ngành Công Nghệ Thông Tin ngày càng cao.  Điều này giải thích tại sao trong những năm gần đây, rất nhiều người chọn con đường vươn tới các chứng chỉ quốc tế để nâng cao kỹ năng nghề nghiệp của mình. Đó là bằng chứng cho việc bạn đã học được những kiến thức cần thiết từ những chứng chỉ đó, có hiểu biết, có thể làm việc được. Dĩ nhiên là học đàng hoàng nhen, chứ không phải là đi chơi chiêu để thi cho có cái bằng rồi đi khè thiên hạ  :mrgreen:

Tuy không nằm trong hệ thống văn bằng quốc gia nhưng các bằng cấp này lại được các nhà tuyển dụng từ công ty nước ngoài, các doanh nghiệp Nhà nước đánh giá rất cao. Cáng có nhiều chứng chỉ, bạn càng dễ tìm việc làm hoặc được tuyển dụng vào vị trí tốt hơn. Tuy nhiên, bạn cũng đừng quá chạy theo bằng cấp mà không chú trọng vào khả năng làm việc. Nhà tuyển dụng luôn xét hai yếu tố năng lực và bằng cấp.

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Speaking topic: Technology advances – Question about technology

Speaking topic: Technology advances – Question about technology

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  • What is technology? ( Technology refers to the collection of tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures used by humans)
  • What is science? (Science is knowledge attained through study or practice. Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation andexperimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena)

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Mặt tốt và xấu của mạng xã hội

Mặt tốt và xấu của mạng xã hội

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Every day, more than one billion people connect with each other using social media.

Mỗi ngày, có hơn một tỷ người kết nối với nhau bằng cách sử dụng phương tiện truyền thông xã hội.

People post pictures on websites like Facebook.
Mọi người gửi hình ảnh trên các trang web như Facebook.

 

They like and share videos that they have watched on YouTube.
Họ thích và chia sẻ video mà họ đã xem trên YouTube.

And they send messages to friends using programs like QQ Messenger.
Và họ gửi tin nhắn cho bạn bè qua các chương trình như QQ Messenger.

In just the last 10 years, social media has completely changed the way we communicate.
Chỉ trong vòng 10 năm qua, truyền thông xã hội đã thay đổi hoàn toàn cách chúng ta giao tiếp.

And it has let us communicate with people around the world.
Và nó đã cho phép chúng ta liên lạc với mọi người trên toàn thế giới.

But how does using social media affect us? Scientists from many different countries have studied this question.
Nhưng làm thế nào việc sử dụng phương tiện truyền thông xã hội ảnh hưởng đến chúng ta? Các nhà khoa học từ nhiều quốc gia khác nhau đã được nghiên cứu vấn đề này.

They have looked particularly at its effects on human emotions and relationships.
Họ đã xem xét đặc biệt ở các hiệu ứng của nó đối với cảm xúc của con người và các mối quan hệ.

Some studies show that using social media can cause depression.
Một số nghiên cứu cho thấy việc sử dụng phương tiện truyền thông xã hội có thể gây ra trầm cảm.

And other studies suggest that is can negatively affect our relationships.
Và các nghiên cứu khác cho thấy có thể có ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến mối quan hệ của chúng ta.

The main positive effect of social media is also its purpose: connection.
Các tác động tích cực chính của phương tiện truyền thông xã hội cũng là mục đích của nó: kết nối.

Modern life can be very busy.
Cuộc sống hiện đại có thể rất bận rộn.

Many people work long hours.
Nhiều người làm việc nhiều giờ.

Other people live far away from family and friends in different cities or countries.
Những người khác sống xa gia đình và bạn bè ở các thành phố hoặc quốc gia khác nhau.

Today, many things separate people.
Ngày nay có quá nhiều thứ ngăn cách chúng ta.

And it can be difficult to stay connected with the people that are important to us.
Và rất khó để duy trì kết nối với những người quan trọng đối với chúng ta.

Social media’s very fast rise is a loud and growing attempt by people everywhere to connect with each other.
Sự phát triển của mạng xã hội là một nỗ lực lớn và ngày càng tăng của người dân ở khắp mọi nơi để kết nối với nhau.

They are connecting even with all the barriers that the modern world forces on our lives.
Chúng được kết nối ngay cả với tất cả các rào cản mà các tầng lớp thế giới hiện đại tạo ra đối với cuộc sống của chúng ta.

Social media can also help people make new friends.
Phương tiện truyền thông xã hội cũng có thể giúp chúng ta kết bạn mới.

Often, these are friends they would not have met without social media.
Thông thường, đây là những người bạn mà chúng ta sẽ không gặp nếu không có phương tiện truyền thông xã hội.

For example, imagine you have a very particular interest.
Ví dụ, hãy tưởng tượng bạn có một sự quan tâm rất đặc biệt.

You love the science of soil! Usually, you would not meet very many people who are also interested in soil.
Bạn yêu thích khoa học về đất! Thông thường, bạn sẽ không gặp nhiều người cũng quan tâm đến đất.

But through social media, you can find people all over the world who share your interest in soil science.
Nhưng thông qua phương tiện truyền thông xã hội, bạn có thể tìm thấy tất cả mọi người trên thế giới chia sẻ quan tâm của bạn trong ngành khoa học về đất.

Social media can also help people spread news about major world events.
Phương tiện truyền thông xã hội cũng có thể giúp mọi người lan truyền tin tức các sự kiện lớn trên thế giới.

This lets people all over the world react more quickly and even help.
Điều này cho phép người dân trên khắp thế giới phản ứng nhanh hơn và thậm chí giúp đỡ lẫn nhau.

For example, in January of 2010, the small country of Haiti experienced a major earthquake.
Ví dụ, vào tháng Giêng năm 2010, quốc gia nhỏ bé Haiti đã trải qua một trận động đất lớn.

More than 100,000 people died.
Hơn 100,000 người đã thiệt mạng.

Millions more people needed food and shelter.
Hơn hàng triệu người cần thức ăn và nơi trú ẩn.

Soon after the earthquake, the International Red Cross started an appeal for aid on social media.
Ngay sau khi trận động đất, Hội Chữ thập đỏ quốc tế bắt đầu lời kêu gọi viện trợ trên phương tiện truyền thông xã hội.

Very quickly, they raised many millions of dollars to help the earthquake victims.
Rất nhanh chóng, họ đã nhận được nhiều triệu đô la để giúp đỡ các nạn nhân động đất.

It is clear that social media has many positive effects.
Rõ ràng là phương tiện truyền thông xã hội có nhiều tác dụng tích cực.

But some scientists warn that social media can also harm people.
Nhưng một số nhà khoa học cảnh báo rằng phương tiện truyền thông xã hội cũng có thể gây tổn hại cho người dân.

The Public Library of Science published a major study in 2013.
Tờ báo Public Library of Science công bố một nghiên cứu quan trọng trong năm 2013.

This study looked at people from the United States who used the social media website Facebook.
Nghiên cứu này xem xét những người ở Hoa Kỳ đã sử dụng các trang web truyền thông xã hội Facebook.

The study found that the more these individuals used Facebook, the less they were satisfied with their life.
Nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng những cá nhân này càng sử dụng Facebook, thì họ càng ít hài lòng về cuộc sống của mình.

And scientists observed that this could cause feelings of depression.
Và các nhà khoa học quan sát rằng điều này có thể gây ra cảm giác trầm cảm.

Another major study in Germany found similar results.
Một nghiên cứu lớn ở Đức tìm thấy kết quả tương tự.

Scientist studies how 600 German Facebook users felt while they used Facebook.
Các nhà khoa học đã nghiên cứu 600 người sử dụng Facebook ở Đức cảm thấy như thế nào.

They found that the most common emotion people experienced while using Facebook was envy.
Họ phát hiện ra rằng những cảm xúc phổ biến nhất xảy ra trong khi sử dụng Facebook là ghen tị.

So, why would using Facebook cause depression and envy? Well, often, when people put things on social media, they only post the best things about their lives.
Vì vậy, tại sao việc sử dụng Facebook gây ra trầm cảm và ghen tị? Khi người ta đặt mọi thứ trên phương tiện truyền thông xã hội, họ chỉ gửi những điều tốt nhất về cuộc sống của họ.

They talk about the fun things they are doing.
Họ nói về những điều thú vị mà họ đang làm.

Or they post pictures that make them look particularly good.
Hoặc họ đăng hình ảnh mà làm cho họ trông có vẻ đặc biệt tốt.

So, when people look at Facebook, they are only seeing the best things in their friends’ lives.
Vì vậy, khi mọi người nhìn vào Facebook, họ chỉ nhìn thấy những điều tốt nhất trong cuộc sống của bạn bè họ.

This can make them feel less satisfied about their own lives.
Điều này có thể làm cho họ cảm thấy không hài lòng về cuộc sống riêng của họ.

And, they can begin to feel envy because their friends’ lives look so perfect.
Và, họ có thể bắt đầu cảm thấy ghen tị bởi vì cuộc sống của những người bạn trông thật hoàn hảo.

Researchers also noted that Facebook relationships are different than normal relationships.
Các nhà nghiên cứu cũng lưu ý rằng mối quan hệ Facebook khác với các mối quan hệ bình thường.

When someone sees a friend regularly, they see both the good and bad in that person’s life.
Khi ai đó gặp một người bạn thường xuyên, họ nhìn thấy cả cái tốt và xấu trong cuộc sống của người đó.

But if someone only see a friend on social media, they will probably only see part of their friend’s life.
Nhưng nếu ai đó chỉ nhìn thấy một người bạn trên phương tiện truyền thông xã hội, họ có thể sẽ chỉ nhìn thấy một phần của cuộc sống của bạn mình.

This makes social media relationships very different than normal relationships.
Điều này làm cho các mối quan hệ trên phương tiện truyền thông xã hội rất khác so với các mối quan hệ bình thường.

Social media is decreasing the quality of our relationships.
Phương tiện truyền thông xã hội đà làm giảm chất lượng các mối quan hệ của chúng ta.

When people use social media, they do not talk deeply or for very long.
Khi chúng ta sử dụng phương tiện truyền thông xã hội, chúng ta không nói chuyện sâu sắc hay quá dài.

And being someone’s Facebook friends demands very little effort.
Và để kết bạn bè trên Facebook của một ai đó đòi hỏi nỗ lực rất ít.

We expect more from technology and less from one another.
Chúng ta mong đợi nhiều hơn từ công nghệ và ít hơn từ một thứ khác.

Many people have begun to notice the negative effects of social media themselves.
Nhiều người đã bắt đầu nhận thấy được những tác động tiêu cực của chính các phương tiện truyền thông xã hội.

Social media has become a part of human life.
Phương tiện truyền thông xã hội đã trở thành một phần của cuộc sống con người.

You can use it or not use it as much as you like, but it is not going anywhere.
Bạn có thể sử dụng nó hay không sử dụng là tuỳ bạn nhưng nó không đi đâu cả.

Social media is not going anywhere.
Phương tiện truyền thông xã hội vẫn ở đấy.

But we may need to think more carefully about how we use it and how it makes us feel.
Nhưng chúng ta có thể cần phải suy nghĩ cẩn thận hơn về cách chúng tôi sử dụng nó và cách nó ảnh hưởng đến cảm xúc của chúng ta.

Nguồn: khoa pham

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Giới hạn người dùng cho website trong IIS

Giới hạn người dùng cho website trong IIS

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Overview

The <limits> element of the <site> element configures settings that limit the amount of bandwidth, the number of connections, or the connection time-out for client requests to a site.

Note: If the <limits> element is configured in both the <siteDefaults> section and in the <site> section for a specific site, the configuration in the <site> section is used for that site.

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